Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2423-4583 12 2 2025 12 30 Investigation of the Relationship Between Long-term Exposure to Toxic Air Pollutants and the Increased Risk of Diabetes 119 127 10.34172/ajehe.5430 EN Abdullah Ali Alzahrani https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4633-1276 Elena Lak Ahmed Alawadi Mais Mazin Al-Hamdani Mohammed Jawad Alnajar Sally Salih Jumaa Majid Farhadi Masoume Taherian Mohammad javad Mohammadi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-0460 REVIEW 10.34172/ajehe.5430 2024 06 08 2025 08 20 Air pollution, which has long been recognized as a tangible problem due to its harmful consequences, causes irreparable damage to human health. This study investigated the relationship between long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants and the increased risk of malignant diabetes. In this study, 800 articles were found in the initial literature review. Databases used for searching included the Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct (Scopus). In the end, 18 papers were selected. Then, all relevant studies published from 1994 to 2021 were identified. The literature showed that exposure to toxic air pollutants and their inhalation can cause complications in various organs. Chronic diabetes, caused by the reduced production of insulin by the pancreas or its failure to use it, may lead to numerous impairments and permanent effects, including amputation, renal failure, and mortality. Inhaling air pollution causes both acute and chronic heart conditions, persistent respiratory conditions, asthma episodes, neuroendocrine and immunological abnormalities, infertility, premature birth, diabetes, pulmonary, prostate, and blood malignancies, as well as mortality. This study indicates that air pollution affects pancreatic function, which can increase the probability of developing diabetes. The research also found that inhaling these substances can raise the prevalence of diabetes and have various adverse effects.